Charles ii proclamation regarding the royal african companyвЂ™s monopoly

ДЇrustrated by their inability to agree terms with Charles I and with his brother Charles out of reach in France, Parliament considered making James king. Following its surrender in June 1646, James was taken to London and held with his younger siblings Henry, Elizabeth and Henrietta in St James's Palace. He spent most of the next four years in the Royalist war-time capital of Oxford, where he was made a Master of Arts by the University on 1 November 1642 and served as colonel of a volunteer regiment of foot. In August 1642, long-running political disputes between Charles I and his opponents in Parliament led to the First English Civil War James and his brother Charles were present at the Battle of Edgehill in October and narrowly escaped capture by Parliamentarian cavalry. He was designated Duke of York at birth, invested with the Order of the Garter in 1642, and formally created Duke of York in January 1644. At the age of three, James was appointed Lord High Admiral the position was initially honorary, but became a substantive office after the Restoration, when James was an adult. He was educated by private tutors, along with his older brother, the future King Charles II, and the two sons of the Duke of Buckingham, George and Francis Villiers. Later that same year, he was baptised by William Laud, the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury. James, the second surviving son of King Charles I and his wife, Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St James's Palace in London on 14 October 1633. James with his father, Charles I, by Sir Peter Lely, 1647 More recent scholarship has tended to take a middle ground between these views. By contrast, beginning in the 20th century, some historians praised him for advocating religious tolerance. His opponents often portrayed him as an absolutist tyrant. After his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690, James returned to France, where he spent the rest of his life in exile at Saint-Germain, protected by Louis XIV. James landed in Ireland on 14 March 1689 in an attempt to recover his kingdoms but, despite a simultaneous rising in Scotland, in April a Scottish Convention followed that of England, both finding that James had 'forfeited' the throne and offered it to William and Mary. In February 1689, a special Convention Parliament held that the king had 'vacated' the English throne and installed William and Mary as joint monarchs, thereby establishing the principle that sovereignty derived from Parliament, not birth. Leading members of the English political class invited William of Orange to assume the English throne after he landed in Brixham on 5 November 1688, James's army deserted, and he went into exile in France on 23 December. The anti-Catholic riots in England and Scotland that ensued led to a general feeling that only his removal from the throne could prevent a civil war. The second was the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for seditious libel this was viewed as an assault on the Church of England and their acquittal on 30 June destroyed his political authority in England. In June 1688, two events turned dissent into a crisis the first, on 10 June, was the birth of James's son and heir James Francis Edward, which raised the prospect of initiating a Roman Catholic dynasty and excluding his Anglican daughter Mary and her Protestant husband William III of Orange. When James attempted to impose them by decree, this was met with opposition thus it was a political principle, rather than a religious one, that ultimately led to his removal. Tolerance for his personal Catholicism did not extend to tolerance towards Catholicism in general, and the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to pass his measures.

James inherited the thrones of England, Ireland, and Scotland from his brother with widespread support in all three countries, largely because the principles of eligibility based on divine right and birth were widely accepted. His deposition ended a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown. His reign is now remembered primarily for struggles over religious tolerance, however, it also involved struggles over the principles of absolutism and the divine right of kings. He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James II and VII (14 October 1633 O.S.В вЂ“ 16 September 1701 ) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685.

Charles ii proclamation regarding the royal african companyвЂ™s monopoly